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- By E. Jennifer Ashworth, J. L. Berggren, Charles Burnett, Joan Cadden, Bruce S. Eastwood, Edward Grant, Danielle Jacquart, Elaheh Kheirandish, Tomomi Kinukawa, Walter Roy Laird, Y. Tzvi Langermann, David C. Lindberg, Stephen C. McCcluskey, A. George Molland, Robert G. Morrison, William R. Newman, John North, Vivian Nutton, George Ovitt, Katharine Park, F. Jamil Ragep, Karen Meier Reeds, Emilie Savage-Smith, Michael H. Shank, Katherine H. Tachau, Anne Tihon, David Woodward
- David C. Lindberg, Michael H. Shank
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- The Cambridge History of Science
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- 05 September 2013
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- 07 October 2013, pp xvii-xxii
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The Parkes Observatory Pulsar Data Archive
- G. Hobbs, D. Miller, R. N. Manchester, J. Dempsey, J. M. Chapman, J. Khoo, J. Applegate, M. Bailes, N. D. R. Bhat, R. Bridle, A. Borg, A. Brown, C. Burnett, F. Camilo, C. Cattalini, A. Chaudhary, R. Chen, N. D'Amico, L. Kedziora-Chudczer, T. Cornwell, R. George, G. Hampson, M. Hepburn, A. Jameson, M. Keith, T. Kelly, A. Kosmynin, E. Lenc, D. Lorimer, C. Love, A. Lyne, V. McIntyre, J. Morrissey, M. Pienaar, J. Reynolds, G. Ryder, J. Sarkissian, A. Stevenson, A. Treloar, W. van Straten, M. Whiting, G. Wilson
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 28 / Issue 3 / 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2013, pp. 202-214
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The Parkes pulsar data archive currently provides access to 144044 data files obtained from observations carried out at the Parkes observatory since the year 1991. Around 105 files are from surveys of the sky, the remainder are observations of 775 individual pulsars and their corresponding calibration signals. Survey observations are included from the Parkes 70 cm and the Swinburne Intermediate Latitude surveys. Individual pulsar observations are included from young pulsar timing projects, the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array and from the PULSE@Parkes outreach program. The data files and access methods are compatible with Virtual Observatory protocols. This paper describes the data currently stored in the archive and presents ways in which these data can be searched and downloaded.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. VI.—Data on more chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphates, and a general discussion
- G. F. Burnett
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- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 53 / Issue 4 / January 1963
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 753-762
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Five insecticides (Thiodah, Bromodan, dimethoate, Dipterex (trichlorphon) and Sumithion) were applied topically in solution to young adults of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Westw. The toxicity of Thiodan (LD50 for males, 0·0012 µg.; for females, 0·0014 µg.) lay between that of Telodrin and dieldrin, and that of Bromodan (LD50 for both sexes combined, 0·0032 µg.) between that of dieldrin and γ BHC. Dimethoate, Dipterex and Sumithion were all less toxic than Baytex, but were not fully evaluated.
Results recorded in this paper and earlier ones in this series, and those of workers using Musca domestica L., are discussed in an attempt to rationalise the search for new toxicants for tsetse flies. Chlorinated hydrocarbons fall into two classes, in both of which there is an approximate positive correlation between toxicity to Musca and to Glossina. One class, including Telodrin, Thiodan and Bromodan, is exceptionally toxic to tsetse and more than 40 times as toxic to Glossina as to Musca. These have a molecule with a particular type of nucleus (hexachloro-l,4-methano-cyclohexene) with a single bridged unsaturated ring. The more common chlorinated hydrocarbons (γ BHC, DDT and aldrin) are two to five times, and dieldrin 12 times, as toxic to G. morsitans as to M. domestica, and all are very toxic to both species.
Among organophosphorus compounds there is very little correlation between toxicity to M. domestica and that to G. morsitans, but it appears probable that no compound of low toxicity to Musca (i.e., LD50 of the order of 0·5 µg.) would be likely to compete with those compounds already known to be most toxic to Glossina. Replacement of the nitro group on the benzene ring of Sumithion by a thiomethyl group, to form Baytex, increases toxicity to Glossina fivefold, but that to Musca by only one-fourth. There is less information on organocarbamates, and it may be a coincidence that 2-isopropoxyphenyl N-methylcarbamate, the most toxic of those tested on G. morsitans, was also most toxic to Musca.
The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. IV.—Wild-caught adults of Glossina swynnertoni Aust.
- G. F. Burnett
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- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 53 / Issue 2 / July 1962
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 347-354
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Dieldrin, γ BHC, DDT, Telodrin and Baytex have been applied topically in oil solutions to G. swynnertoni Aust. caught as wild adults. The order of toxicity of these compounds was the same as that to laboratory-emerged G. morsitans Westw. and all were relatively more effective. Wild females were 2–3 times as tolerant of the chlorinated hydrocarbons as the males, and pregnant females required nine times as much DDT as the males. Greater tolerance to Baytex did not exceed the difference in body weights between the sexes. These results confirm those obtained with G. morsitans and are attributed to the increased tolerance to chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides shown by females as they age and become fertilised and pregnant.
There is no such increase in tolerance of females to Baytex and the importance of this in planning practical control measures is indicated.
The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. I.—Young adults of Glossina morsitans Westw. and chlorinated hydrocarbons
- G. F. Burnett
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- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 52 / Issue 3 / October 1961
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 531-539
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Solutions of six chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides in kerosene have been applied in drops of about 0·02 microlitre (µl.) to adults of Glossina morsitans Westw., 2–5 days old, one day after the first meal. This species is found to be unusually susceptible to this group of insecticides. In order of increasing toxicity they are: DDT and aldrin, γ BHC, dieldrin and endrin, Telodrin (1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanophthalan). The LD50 of DDT was 0·0165 µg. (males) and 0·025 µg. (females), that of Telodrin was 0·00062 µg. (males). Susceptibility of the two sexes to DDT, γ BHC and dieldrin did not differ significantly. Two batches of flies tested with an interval of eight months differed by about two times in their response to dieldrin and γ BHC; but the response to DDT was unchanged. This difference was not seasonal.
For practical use, dieldrin is the best and cheapest available insecticide, a fact confirmed in the field. Only Telodrin might replace it.
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. VII.—An Experiment against the Tsetse Flies, Glossina morsitans, Westw. and G. swynnertoni Aust., in the Rainy Season
- K. S. Hocking, G. F. Burnett, R. C. Sell
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- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 45 / Issue 3 / September 1954
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 605-612
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The “ North Block ” at Kikore, Central Province, Tanganyika, was treated with insecticide dispersed from an Anson 1 aircraft during the period 23rd January to 4th May 1951. The area consisted of some 4,000 acres of mixed bush, including about 230 acres of miombo, infested by two species of tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans Westw. and swynnertoni Aust.
The insecticide used was equivalent to a 19·4 per cent. solution of technical BHC (equal to 2·45 per cent. γ isomer) in 50 per cent. diesel oil, 50 per cent. power kerosene. The solution was dispensed through a boom and nozzles under pressure as a coarse aerosol (mass median diam. 70 microns), at a nominal mean dose of 0·25 lb. technical BHC per acre per application. Eight applications were planned and seven completed.
The first application was relatively ineffective, and for the second and subsequent cycles the emission rate was increased and over part of the block the swathe width was reduced. The result was a much improved kill but neither species of tsetse was exterminated.
Owing to the number of factors involved, it is not possible to give any principal reason why this experiment was less successful than previous ones, but many of the difficulties encountered are inherent in rainy-season operations in East Africa.
The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. V.—Young adults of Glossina morsitans Westw. and some substituted N-methyl carbamates
- G. F. Burnett
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- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 53 / Issue 4 / January 1963
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 747-752
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A series of six substituted phenyl N-methylcarbamate insecticides were applied to laboratory-reared adults of G. morsitans Westw. as solutions in di-isobutyl ketone. Only the 2-isopropoxy and the 3-isopropyl compounds were toxic at 0·0068 µg. per fly and the former, being apparently more active, was evaluated more fully. It was found to be equitoxic with γ BHC to young flies, and not synergised to any significant degree by five parts of piperonyl butoxide. Pregnant flies were considerably more tolerant than young flies to low dosages but not to high ones. The suggested explanation postulates that the developing larva is a potential site of detoxification but that the rapid action of high dosages results in the death of the parent before the insecticide can reach the larva and be detoxified by it.
The Effect of Poison Bait Cattle on Populations of Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. swynnertoni Aust.
- G. F. Burnett
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- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 45 / Issue 3 / September 1954
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 411-421
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An experiment was carried out in a small block of mixed bush in Tanganyika in an attempt to eliminate the two resident species of tsetse fly. Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. suynnertoni Aust., by means of bait cattle treated with DDT. Small cattle were used at the rate of 100 per square mile in herds of 12 or 13 per one-eighth of a square mile. Their numerical superiority over the large game was no more than about 3: 1.
The cattle were sprayed twice weekly. Originally a 10 per cent. suspension of the p.p′isomer was prepared from a commercial formulation of DDT. Later a laboratory-prepared emulsion (10 per cent. technical DDT) was used.
Extermination was expected with a reduction in numbers of old male tsetse of 99·9 per cent. In practice G. morsitans was reduced by 99·5 per cent. and G. swynnerloni by 92·5 per cent.
It is considered that there was sufficient immigration across the barrier clearing to account for the failure to achieve extermination of either species. It is not possible to say if extermination would have been attained in the absence of immigration.
It is considered that with the insecticidal formulations now available there is not much prospect of improving on these results in similar conditions although a great reduction in tsetse numbers is possible and might stop the carrying of disease. In the dry season, after the grass has been burnt, there is better prospect of success.
Aircraft applications of insecticides in East Africa. XV.—Very-low-volume treatment of a seed-bean crop with DDT in oil solution
- G. F. Burnett, C. W. Lee, P. O. Park
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 56 / Issue 4 / August 1966
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 701-714
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Experiments are described on the aerial application of very low volumes (0·5 gal./acre) of oil solutions of DDT to control two pests, Heliothis armigera (Hb.) (bollworm) and Acanthomia horrida (Germ.) (brown bug), of the seed-bean crop in northern Tanzania. The method was compared with an improved variant of the standard commercial method of aerial control, in which DDT emulsion is applied at 1·85 gal./acre. This improved variant was also compared with a standard commercial treatment. Very-low-volume (solution) treatments were made with rotary atomisers, normal volume (emulsion) treatments with boom-and-nozzle equipment. The results were assessed, by measuring the amount of DDT deposited on filter papers and on the leaves of the crop and by estimating pest mortality from counts made immediately before and 48 hours after spraying.
A direct comparison of very-low- and normal-volume treatments under identical conditions was not possible, but it was established that under similar conditions the proportion of DDT emitted that was deposited at crop level (percentage recovery) was much the same for the two methods, varying between 41 and 62 per cent, according to conditions. The lower leaves of a fairly young crop of an open variety received about 60 per cent, of the deposit on the upper leaves, but in a mature crop of a tall dense variety this percentage fell to 35.
Standard commercial practice, with the aircraft flying very close to the crop, gave a recovery of about 55 per cent, in moderately good conditions but with a variation in deposit density across the swath of over 7:1. An identical application from 10 ft. above crop, as in our method gave in rather better conditions a recovery of 62 per cent., with the deposit-density variation reduced to 2:1. This performance was much the same as that achieved by the type of emulsion application used in the other experiments described.
In similar conditions, both very-low and normal-volume treatments gave very similar mortalities of Heliothis. Acanthomia was present in only one experiment and was less readily controlled; it required deposits at crop level of about 0·4 lb./acre to give satisfactory mortality, whereas in the same experiment 0·25 lb./acre gave 96 per cent, mortality in a relatively young Heliothis population containing only 10 per cent, of sixth-instar larvae.
Older Heliothis larvae required higher dosages, 0·4 lb./acre at crop level killing only 53 per cent, of a population containing 62 per cent, of sixth-instar larvae. It was shown that there is a regular decrease in the kill inflicted by a given dosage on the successively later instars (from 92 per cent, of the third to 66 per cent, of the sixth) with a recorded deposit of 0·63 lb. DDT per acre.
Except in the first experiment, mortalities were much below those claimed for commercial treatments, even at lower rates of DDT per acre. The reasons for this are discussed, together with the advantages to be expected from a change to the very-low-volume technique with solutions.
Observations on the Life-history of the Red Locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serv.) in the solitary Phase
- G. F. Burnett
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 42 / Issue 2 / September 1951
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 473-490
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The populations of Nomadacris septemfasciata described in this paper were all of solitaria or neai-solitaria phase.
Sexual maturation as measured by the developing ovaries took place rapidly though irregularly through the population. Its onset coincided with an increase in the daily number of hours of relative humidity at or above 75 per cent., and abundance of green food; Copulation, which started after the first wide-spread rain, took place before the ovaries of many females were completely mature.
Caged locusts gave a mean fecundity of 183 eggs contained in 2·4 pods which is probably a minimum figure. Pods were laid at intervals of about two weeks and each was laid before the next batch had visibly developed.
The period spent in the egg was at least 39 days, at most 46 days and probably 42 days. Adults appeared 67 days after the first hatchings. Both these periods are greater than those recorded in phase transiens or gregaria.
Solitaria locusts were found to pass through seven instead of six nymphal instars as do gregaria. This difference seemed to be constant. The extra instar was probably interpolated between the second and third of gregaria but was not an exact duplicate of any other instar.
The number of vertical dark eye-stripes is a convenient and fairly constant indicator of the instar. The number of antennal segments in the later instars and in the adult, and also the number of adult eye-stripes, is greater in the solitaria phase.
Amongst the hoppers three main types of coloration were encountered and are briefly described but they could not be closely related to phase. The amount of dark pigment present in late stage nymphs was reflected in the young adult, the appearance of which is described in some detail. Subsequent changes during the dry season are briefly noted, in particular the pink of the hind wing, which becomes faintly visible within a month of the last moult.
The changes in pigmentation which take place during sexual maturation are described in detail. In addition to pronounced darkening of the tegmina which completely changes the appearance of the solitaria locust, certain bright pigments are laid down which are later obscured by a general blackening. It is unsafe to classify Nomadacris septemfasciata as to phase on colour alone unless the date of capture and its relation to the breeding season in the locality is taken into consideration. Solitaria do not normally develop the general reddening of the body which is shown by migrating swarms, even when these are only transiens in phase.
The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. II.—Young adults of Glossina morsitans Westw. and organophosphorus compounds, pyrethrins and Sevin
- G. F. Burnett
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 52 / Issue 4 / December 1961
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 763-768
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Solutions of six organophosphorus compounds, Sevin, and pyrethrins (alone or synergised with piperonyl butoxide) were applied by microburette in drops of constant volume (0·0216 μl.) to the dorsum of the thorax of young adults of Glossina morsitans Westw., 2–5 days old that had taken their first blood-meal the previous day. The solvents used were decalin (decahydronaphthalene), toluene and lighting kerosene, respectively.
Malathion, methyl-parathion, DDVP (dichlorvos) and Sevin were eliminated in preliminary tests as insufficiently toxic. Muscatox (coumaphos) was reasonably toxic but not readily soluble and was therefore not considered further. Diazinon and Baytex (fenthion) were fully evaluated; the former was about as lethal as DDT, the latter as γ BHC (LD50 about 0·004 μg.). The LD50 of diazinon for males (0·0115 μg.) was significantly smaller than that for females (0·016 μg.) but the LD95 was much the same for both sexes.
Pyrethrins were about equitoxic with dieldrin (LD50, 0·002 μLg.); when synergised with 15 parts of piperonyl butoxide to one of pyrethrins the LD50 for males was reduced to less than half this value, and there was a significant difference in susceptibility of the sexes, the LD50 for females being 1·4 times that for males. However, the slopes of the regression lines were such that at LD95 the difference between synergised and plain pyrethrins was too small to be of any practical use.
These results show that, judged by innate toxicity to young flies, none of these insecticides can compete with dieldrin or Telodrin for practical control, although Baytex is a useful reserve should Glossina acquire resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Trials of Residual Insecticides against Anophelines in African-type Huts
- G. F. Burnett
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 48 / Issue 3 / September 1957
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 631-668
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Since November 1951, trials of residual insecticides have been carried out at Taveta, Kenya, against Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles in native-type huts fitted with exit traps.
DDT wettable powder at over 2·5 g. DDT per sq. metre in a hut with plaster of absorbent mud gave, for eight months, kills of over 50 per cent. of the female Anophelines that entered.
BHC wettable powder in huts with absorbent walls at 0·24 g. γ isomer per sq. metre gave kills of over 50 per cent. for nine months or more. On non-absorbent walls the kill fell rapidly during the third month and was negligible by the fifth. Insecticide persisted in walls of active material after the roof of inactive materials had become relatively innocuous.
Wettable powders combining DDT and BHC were not effective unless the deposit of DDT was at least 2·1 g./m.2. For an equivalent cost, BHC alone was more effective on active walls and dieldrin on inactive ones.
BHC in urea-formaldehyde resin at 2·5 g. γ BHC per sq. metre was persistent but the persistence was not commensurate with the cost of the material and difficulty of application. The insecticide persists longest on mud surfaces, presumably because it is absorbed from the skin of resin and later released as vapour. Absorption would render permanently innocuous a nonvolatile insecticide.
Aldrin wettable powder was found considerably less persistent than BHC on absorbent walls.
The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. III.—The effects of age and pregnancy on the susceptibility of adults of Glossina morsitans Westw
- G. F. Burnett
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 53 / Issue 2 / July 1962
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 337-345
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Solutions of dieldrin, γ BHC, p, p′DDT and Baytex were applied topically to pregnant females of Glossina morsitans Westw. and also, in most cases, to fertilised flies over 21 days old and not noticeably pregnant, to virgin flies over 21 days old, and to males over 18 days old. Pregnant flies required about nine times as much dieldrin as young flies for comparable mortalities, and non-pregnant fertilised flies about four times as much. It was not possible to determine proper regression lines for other insecticides and classes of flies but significant increases in tolerance, as compared with that of young flies, were shown by pregnant flies to γ BHC and DDT, by old virgins to dieldrin and DDT but not γ BHC, and by fertilised flies to γ BHC and DDT. Pregnant flies and virgins showed no increased tolerance to Baytex, and old males showed none to dieldrin, γ BHC or DDT.
These results are discussed in relation to aerial spraying of tsetse habitats and it is suggested that they explain some unexpected past results.
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. VIII.—An Experiment against the Tsetse Fly, Glossina swynnertoni Aust., in an isolated Area of Thronbush and Thicket
- K. S. Hocking, G. F. Burnett, R. C. Sell
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 45 / Issue 3 / September 1954
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 613-622
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An isolated area of 2,200 acres of thicket and thronbush in the Central Province, Tanganyika, was treated from the air with a DDT-in-oil aerosol in an attempt to eliminate the tsetse fly, Glossina swynnertoni Aust. Eight applications of 0·25 lb. technical DDT per acre were planned to be done at fortnightly intervals.Delays due to unseasonal bad weather reduced this to seven at a slightly higher rate and over a longer-period.
G. swynnertoni was reduced from an apparent density of about 7 to zero at the end of the second application. No flies were caught after the fifth application for a period of six months.
It is not possible to say whether the few caught since then have been brought in or are the offspring of survivors of the insecticidal treatment.
This experiment was more successful than that on the Galapo Block in the same ares, to a highly significant degree, and this is attributed to the vulnerability of the smaller population present. It was doubtfully better than the first treatment of the North Block, also in this area, because the increase in population in the latter block may have been assisted by immigration.
Aircraft applications of insecticides in East Africa XIV.—Very-low-volume aerosols of dieldrin and isobenzan for the control of Glossina morsitans Westw
- G. F. Burnett, P. R. Chadwick, A. W. D. Miller, J. S. S. Beesley
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 55 / Issue 3 / December 1964
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 527-539
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Two experiments were conducted simultaneously in 1962–63 at Chungai, in central Tanganyika, to test new equipment for disseminating insecticides from aircraft and a new insecticide, isobenzan (Telodrin), in the eradication of Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. The new equipment consisted of an aerosol generator fitted to the exhaust of a Cessna 182E high-wing monoplane, and was used in both experiments. The isobenzan was compared with dieldrin, and the two insecticides were applied at rates inversely proportional to their toxicities to G. morsitans as previously determined in the laboratory.
Two blocks of woodland, each 11 sq. miles in area, were treated, one with a 12·3 per cent, solution of dieldrin at the rate of 0·0254 gal. per acre, giving a dosage of 0·5 oz. (14 g.) toxicant per acre, and the other with a 10 per cent, solution of isobenzan at the rate of 0·0124 gal. per acre, giving a dosage of 0·2 oz. (6 g.) per acre. The former block received eight treatments with dieldrin at approximately 3-week intervals, the fourth treatment being incomplete; the latter block received six treatments with isobenzan at intervals ranging from 20 to 45 days. The effects were assessed by means of fly-catches along fixed paths which continued for one year after treatments had ceased.
Both species of tsetse fly disappeared from the two blocks before the final treatments took place, and no more were caught until 11 months after spraying ended, when one example of G. morsitans was caught in each block; both were probably immigrants. None was found in the following month, and it is concluded that the flies were exterminated in both blocks. The fact that the blocks were unusually well isolated from sources of reinfestation probably contributed to the success of the operations.
The cost per sq. mile was £224 using dieldrin and £190 using isobenzan. These were the basic costs, independent of the locality in which spraying took place. Additional costs were incurred which would vary with local conditions; for the present experiments they were £34 and £30, respectively. It is considered that there is good scope for further reductions in costs, particularly with dieldrin, and that these might make dieldrin economically competitive with isobenzan. Owing to the low fly density in the block treated with isobenzan, the efficacy of this insecticide cannot be regarded as conclusively proved until further experiments have been carried out. It may then merit serious consideration as a toxicant for aerial spraying against tsetse flies.
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. X.—An Investigation of the Behaviour of coarse Aerosol Clouds in Woodland
- G. F. Burnett, B. W. Thompson
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 47 / Issue 3 / October 1956
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 495-524
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In connection with studies on the control of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) by insecticides, an investigation was made in Tanganyika Territory of the influence of a number of factors on the distribution of insecticide in woodland and open country. A solution of DDT in oil was disseminated as a coarse aerosol from an aircraft and its behaviour traced by the mortality suffered by caged flies. The test insects were wild-caught Musca (Eumusca) lusoria Wied., which proved more susceptible to the insecticide used than did Glossina. palpalis fuscipes Newst.
In open country, complete kills were obtained with the standard application rate (defined as one run using 10 gals, per minute of a 10 per cent, solution of DDT) for at least three hundred yds. downwind of the line of emission, in all the atmospheric conditions encountered.
Tests of the possibility of treating very thin woodland in comparatively high winds (for aerial dispersals of aerosols) and slightly unstable conditions were spoilt by variations in the emission rate of the insecticide, but it was shown that quite small numbers of twigs upwind provided a considerable degree of protection to the test insects and that the kills in cages completely exposed on the upwind side of trees were considerably less than at corresponding distances downwind in completely open country. There was evidence that in high winds and slightly unstable conditions, penetration through the trees was better than with moderate winds and small inversions, but in both conditions there was mortality behind obstacles.
Preliminary comparisons between the kill in the open and in continuous woodland composed of Acacia xanthophloea showed that in the latter mortality was greatly reduced and did not approach that frequently obtained in practical large-scale experiments in tsetse control. A search was made for factors which would increase the level of mortality.
Increased atmospheric stability caused greater average mortality at the expense of evenness of kill. This was not due solely to decreasing effective swathe width due to lighter winds.
Large natural openings in the canopy assisted the penetration of insecticide in unstable conditions, but in stable air the kill around and downwind of clearings was reduced compared with kills in unbroken woodland.
The principal factor in raising mortality to a generally high level was the summation of sublethal doses due to drifting downwind of the fringes of successive parallel swathes. The highest kill obtained in any of these trials was from summation of three swathes emitted 75 yds. apart, which produced a mean mortality of 84 per cent, for 75 yds. downwind of the third run.
An attempt to cover the whole area of woodland by emitting insecticide in a series of parallel runs, as in actual control procedure, showed that in conditions of low turbulence there yet may be great unevenness in the kill obtained. Mortality varied between 21 and 100 per cent., and this irregularity was almost certainly due to the fact that during each of the runs the wind was almost directly along the aircraft track. Such contingencies are unavoidable, for unsteadiness of wind direction is a constant feature of the stable, non-turbulent conditions in the free air that are needed to permit any substantial kill within continuous woodland.
The relation between these results and those obtained in practical control experiments is discussed. It is concluded that the use of caged insects and a particular type of woodland probably accounts for the comparatively low kills obtained in this investigation, from which, nevertheless, valid conclusions can be drawn concerning the variation in mortality from place to place.
Aircraft applications of insecticides in East Africa: XIII.—An economical method for the control of Glossina morsitans Westw
- G. F. Burnett, D. Yeo, A. W. D. Miller, P. J. White
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 52 / Issue 2 / June 1961
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 305-316
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In the North Block at Chungai, comprising about 11 sq. miles of thorn savannah and thicket in Central Province, Tanganyika, an Auster J5G aircraft was used between July 1959 and March 1960 to apply a 2·5 per cent. solution of dieldrin in oil at the rate of 0·125 gal. per acre in an attempt to eradicate Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. Eight applications were made at approximately four-weekly intervals. Swath width was 55 yd., and the aircraft emitted the insecticide as a coarse aerosol of volume median diameter 50–60μ as it flew in both directions over the block.
The operation suffered delays, and three applications were incomplete to varying degrees. Kills of G. morsitans per application appeared to be 85 per cent. or higher, but the final reduction of 99·5 per cent. could theoretically have been attained with consecutive mortalities of only 65 per cent. It is suggested that this discrepancy may be due to the higher lethal dose required by pregnant females. G. pallidipes was also reduced by 99·5 per cent. Numbers of fly were reduced sufficiently for large-scale settlement with cattle, which should complete the work of exterminating the fly.
The experiment is compared with that of the previous year in the same block, using γBHC, which reduced fly catches by less than 50 per cent. It is concluded that a combination of reduced swath width, greater volume dosage, more lethal insecticide and smaller lethal drop, together with improved flying technique and the more reliable performance of the disseminating equipment, was responsible for the improved result. It is thought that without delays, interruptions, incomplete applications and reinfestation, even better results would be obtained.
This was the cheapest and one of the most successful aerial operations carried out against savannah tsetse. Costs actually over the ground were £301 per sq. mile; incidental costs due to the locality of operations were £66 per sq. mile. There is little chance of reducing the costs of flying directly, but economies are possible by the use of other insecticides or, more probably, by more efficient dispensing equipment.
Contributors
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- By Donald Addington, Jean Addington, Kelly Allott, Amanda Baker, Gregor Berger, Michael Berk, Max Birchwood, Warrick J. Brewer, Peter Burnett, Tyrone Cannon, Andrew Chanen, Philippe Conus, Barbara Cornblatt, Thomas Craig, Alex Fornito, David Fowler, Shona M. Francey, John Gleeson, Susy Harrigan, Meredith Harris, Leanne Hides, Christian G. Huber, Henry J. Jackson, Anthony F. Jorm, Eóin Killackey, Joachim Klosterkötter, Martin Lambert, Tim Lambert, Shon Lewis, Don Linszen, Dan Lubman, Nellie Lucas, Craig Macneil, Ashok K. Malla, Max Marshall, Louise K. McCutcheon, Patrick D. McGorry, Catharine McNab, Maria Michail, Anthony P. Morrison, Merete Nordentoft, Ross M. G. Norman, Keith H. Nuechterlein, Christos Pantelis, Lisa J. Phillips, Richie Poulton, Paddy Power, Jo Robinson, Frauke Schultze-Lutter, Jim van Os, José Luis Vázquez-Barquero, Dennis Velakoulis, Darryl Wade, Daniel Weinberger, Durk Wiersma, Stephen J. Wood, Annemarie Wright, Murat Yücel, Alison R. Yung, Robert B. Zipursky
- Edited by Henry J. Jackson, University of Melbourne, Patrick D. McGorry
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- Book:
- The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis
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- 10 August 2009
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- 19 February 2009, pp xi-xvi
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The pandemic of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 reaches Utah: a complex investigation confirms the need for continuing rigorous control measures
- J. SOBEL, A. B. HIRSHFELD, K. McTIGUE, C. L. BURNETT, S. ALTEKRUSE, F. BRENNER, G. MALCOLM, S. L. MOTTICE, C. R. NICHOLS, D. L. SWERDLOW
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- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 125 / Issue 1 / August 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 November 2000, pp. 1-8
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In 1995, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) cases in the state of Utah increased fivefold. Isolates were identified as phage type 4 (PT4). Risk factors and sources of infection were investigated in two case-control studies, a traceback of implicated foods, and environmental testing. Forty-three patients with sporadic infections and 86 controls were included in a case-control study of risk factors for infection. A follow-up case-control study of 25 case and 19 control restaurants patronized by case and control patients examined risks associated with restaurant practices. In the first case-control study, restaurant dining was associated with illness (P = 0·002). In the follow-up case-control study, case restaurants were likelier to use > 2000 eggs per week (P < 0·02), to pool eggs (P < 0·05), and to use eggs from cooperative ‘A’ (P < 0·009). Eggs implicated in separately investigated SE PT4 outbreaks were traced to cooperative ‘A’, and SE PT4 was cultured from one of the cooperative's five local farms. We conclude that SE PT4 transmitted by infected eggs from a single farm caused a fivefold increase in human infections in Utah.